MANGALAYAN AND CHANDRAYAN-GREAT BHARAT TO RISE AGAIN

THANKS TO ISRO SCIENTISTS,INDIANS ALL OVER WORLD FEEL PROUD AGAIN,AFTER 800 YEARS OF SLAVERY AND BEING LOOKED DOWN UPON-

Ptolemy came to India in 155 AD, and he stole from the astronomical data from Surya Siddhanta (12.85-90) , the most significant being the diameters of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn .

You must understand that these diameters were calculated accurately more than 6 millenniums ago when even the atmospheric refraction of earth was different.

The British made a big hue and cry when German Jew Sir Frederick William Herschel ( 1738-1822 ) “discovered ” Uranus on March 13th 1781—they ridiculed — hi hi the stupid Indians never knew all this.

Indian Vedic astrology does NOT use Uranus (Shweta ) Neptune ( Shyama) Pluto ( Teevra )- as named in 7000 year old Vedas by Vyasa Muni , just because they are too far away to affect your DNA and they stay in one single rashi for too long.

Below is-Mangal God-

Lord Vishnu in his Varaha Avatar lifted the earth and brought it out and placed it in a suitable orbit with fine tuning adjustments for precession , axis tilt and the magic constant of 108 axis of 23.4 degrees.

For travel to outer planets, like Mars, the periapsis (closest point in the orbit) must coincide with Earth’s orbit, while apoapsis must coincide with Mar’s orbit. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) by the Indian Space Research Organization used this Hohmann transfer orbit as its trajectory to reach Mars.

Since the satellite is in heliocentric trajectory, the fuel is not used in this travel. Fuel is used only to enter the Hohmann transfer orbit from earth and to exit the transfer orbit to enter martian orbit. This transfer orbit is thus highly fuel efficient compensating its long travel time.

A Hohmann transfer orbit is an elliptical one, where the periapsis is at Earth’s distance from the Sun and the apoapsis is at Mars’ distance from the Sun. The transfer orbit has to be timed so that when the spacecraft departs Earth, it will arrive at its orbit apoapsis when Mars is at the same position in its orbit. Earth and Mars align properly for a Hohmann transfer once every 26 months.

Our four-stage Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) could deliver Mars Orbiter Mission (with a mass of 1340 kilograms, fully fueled) to Earth orbit, without any heavy, powerful upper stage like Centaur of US.

Mars Orbiter Mission got to Mars using its much smaller Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) and small amount of fuel –unlike the US Maven ( NASA ).

Methane (CH4) is an organic molecule present in gaseous form in the Earth’s atmosphere. More than 90% of methane on our home planet is produced by living organisms.

After almost a year of searching, NASA’s Curiosity rover has turned up no traces of the four-pronged hydrocarbon known as methane. However India expects to find methane on mars—a methane sensor will look for sources of the gas.

Methane has a chemical lifetime of about 300-600 years, which is very short on geological time scales. This implies that the methane that is observed today cannot have been produced 4.5 billion years ago, when the planets formed. So, it is possible that methanogenes, existing deep under the surface of Mars.

Below: 6 years ago , India “impact probed” her flag on the moon

Using data collected by India’s Chandrayaan mission, NASA had detected magmatic water locked under the surface of the Moon, for the first time .

Before India, various countries have launched Mars missions, but out of the 51 attempts, only 21 were successful. India now joins the Martian club that comprises the US, Russia and the European Space Agency

Characteristic	VENUS	EARTH	MARS	Observations
Views
Diameter (km)	12,104	12,756	6,787	Mars is smaller than Earth.
Escape velocity (m/sec)	10,400	11,200	5,000	It is easier to leave Mars because there is less gravity.
Average distance from Sun (AU)	0.723	1	1.524	Mars is our nearest planetary neighbor. We can use the ratio of orbital radii to predict the ratio of orbit duration.
Rotation period (length of day in Earth hours)	-5,832 (sidereal rotation)	23.93	24.62	Earth and Mars are surprisingly similar!
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years)	0.62	1	1.88	Can you see why the gap between missions to Mars is about 25 months? Launch opportunities occur when the distance that the spacecraft must travel between planets is small.
Atmospheric components	96% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 0.003% water vapor	78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon	95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon	Propulsion system cannot use oxygen from the atmosphere at Mars.
Atmospheric Density (kg/m^3)	65 kg/m³	1.2256	0.0155	There is much less gas available at Mars for the wing to generate lift and for the propeller to produce thrust. The density at Venus is extreme. Structural requirements for a plane would be difficult to achieve. Buoyancy is a possible solution for Venus.
Gravity (m/s^2)	8.87	9.8	3.0	An airplane on Mars only needs to generate 40% of the lift that would be required on Earth
Temperature (degrees C)	462� C	~25	~50-30	Low temperature can affect structure instruments and batteries.
Dust	Trace	Varies from trace to significant	Significant	Instruments may need additional protection.
Wind	Slow	Mild to gale force (predictable)	Strong	Affects controllability
Flight Speed	Very Slow	Low	High	Transonic problems limit flight Speed at Mars
Reynolds Number	10,000,000	10,000,000	50,000	Low Reynolds Number at Mars makes flow very sensitive to wing shape