Surya Siddhanta, 2 Million Years old Book is First on Astronomy

suryasiddhant-Aryabhatt.

Surya Siddhanta is the first among the traditions or doctrines (siddhanta) in archaeo-astronomy of the Vedic era.
Infact, it is the oldest ever book in world which describes earth as sphere but not flat, gravity being reason for objects falling on earth etc.

This is the knowledge that the Sun god gave to an Asura called Maya in Treta Yuga.
This Maya is father-in-law of Ravana, the villain of first ever epic poem, Ramayana.
Going by calculations of Yugas, first version ofSurya Siddhanta must have been known around 2 million years ago.
However, the present version available is believed to be more than 2500 years old, which still makes it the oldest book on earth in Astronomy.

This book covers kinds of time, length of the year of gods and demons, day and night of god Brahma, the elapsed period since creation, how planets move eastwards and sidereal revolution. The lengths of the Earth’s diameter, circumference are also given. Eclipses and color of the eclipsed portion of the moon is mentioned.
This explains the archeo-astronomical basis for the sequence of days of the week named after the Sun, Moon, etc. Musings that there is no above and below and that movement of the starry sphere is left to right for Asuras (demons) makes interesting reading.
Citation of the Surya Siddhanta is also found in the works of Aryabhata.
The work as preserved and edited by Burgess (1860) dates to the Middle Ages.
Utpala, a 10th-century commentator of Varahamihira, quotes six shlokas of the Surya Siddhanta of his day, not one of which is to be found in the text now known as the Surya Siddhanta. The present version was modified by Bhaskaracharya during the Middle Ages.
The present Surya Siddhanta may nevertheless be considered a direct descendant of the text available to Varahamihira (who lived between 505–587 CE)

Table of contents in Surya Siddhanta are :-

• The Mean Motions of the Planets
• True Places of the Planets
• Direction, Place and Time
• The Moon and Eclipses
• The Sun and Eclipses
• The Projection of Eclipses
• Planetary Conjunctions
• Of the Stars
• Risings and Settings
• The Moon’s Risings and Settings
• Certain Malignant Aspects of the Sun and Moon
• Cosmogony, Geography, and Dimensions of the Creation
• The Gnomon
• The Movement of the Heavens and Human Activity

Methods for accurately calculating the shadow cast by a gnomon are discussed in both Chapters 3 and 13.

Few excerpts from Surya Siddhanta

• The average length of the tropical year as 365.2421756 days, which is only 1.4 seconds shorter than the modern value of 365.2421904 days !
• The average length of the sidereal year, the actual length of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun, as 365.2563627 days, which is virtually the same as the modern value of 365.25636305 days. This remained the most accurate estimate for the length of the sidereal year anywhere in the world for over a thousand years!
• Not content to limit measurements to Earth, the Surya Siddhanta also states the motion, and diameters of the planets! For instance the estimate for the diameter of Mercury is 3,008 miles, an error of less than 1% from the currently accepted diameter of 3,032 miles. It also estimates the diameter of Saturn as 73,882 miles, which again has an error of less than 1% from the currently accepted diameter of 74,580.
• Aside from inventing the decimal system, zero and standard notation (giving the ancient Indians the ability to calculate trillions when the rest of the world struggled with 120) the Surya Siddhanta also contains the roots of Trigonometry.
• It uses sine (jya), cosine (kojya or “perpendicular sine”) and inverse sine (otkram jya) for the first time!
• “Objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. therefore, the earth, the planets, constellations, the moon and the sun are held in orbit due to this attraction”. (this was also discussed in Prasnopanishad
  It was not until the late 17th century in 1687, that Isaac Newton rediscovered the Law of Gravity.
• The Surya Siddhanta also goes into a detailed discussion about time cycles and that time flows differently in differently circumstances, the roots of relativity. Here we have a perfect example of Indian philosophy’s belief that science and religion are not mutually exclusive. Unlike, Abrahamic religions, one does not have to dig and try all ways to force scientific truth from scriptures. By contrast it is stated in cold hard numbers by the Sun God, Surya.
• This work shows that spirituality is all about the search for Truth (Satya) and that Science is as valid a path to God as living in a monastery. It is the search for ones own personal Truth that will lead one ultimately to God.

The astronomical time cycles contained in the text were remarkably accurate at the time.

• That which begins with respirations (prana) is called real…. Six respirations make a vinadi, sixty of these a nadi
• And sixty nadis make a sidereal day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil (savana) month consists of as many sunrises
• A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi); a solar (saura) month is determined by the entrance of the sun into a sign of the zodiac; twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods. (Day at North Pole)
• The day and night of the gods and of the demons are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty of them are a year of the gods, and likewise of the demons. (Day and Night being six months each at South Pole)
• Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a chaturyuga; of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two solar years
• Is composed that chaturyuga, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the kritayuga and the other yugas, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows:
  a. The tenth part of a chaturyuga, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the krita and the other yugas: the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.
  b. One and seventy chaturyugas make a manu; at its end is a twilight which has the number of years of a kritayuga, and which is a deluge.
  c. In a kalpa are reckoned fourteen manus with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the kalpa is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a kritayuga.
  d. The kalpa, thus composed of a thousand chaturyugas, and which brings about the destruction of all that exists, is a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.
  e. His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night. The half of his life is past; of the remainder, this is the first kalpa.
  f. And of this kalpa, six manus are past, with their respective twilights; and of the Manu son of Vivasvant, twenty-seven chaturyugas are past;
  g. Of the present, the twenty-eighth, chaturyuga, this kritayuga is past..

Planetary Diameters in Surya Siddhanta

Surya Siddhanta also estimates the diameters of the planets. The estimate for the diameter of Mercury is 3,008 miles, an error of less than 1% from the currently accepted diameter of 3,032 miles.
It also estimates the diameter of Saturn as 73,882 miles, which again has an error of less than 1% from the currently accepted diameter of 74,580.
Its estimate for the diameter of Mars is 3,772 miles, which has an error within 11% of the currently accepted diameter of 4,218 miles.
It also estimated the diameter of Venus as 4,011 miles and Jupiter as 41,624 miles, which are roughly half the currently accepted values, 7,523 miles and 88,748 miles, respectively.

Trigonometry in Surya Siddhanta

Surya Siddhanta contains the roots of modern trigonometry. It uses sine (jya), cosine (kojya or “perpendicular sine”) and inverse sine (otkram jya) for the first time, and also contains the earliest use of the tangent and secant when discussing the shadow cast by a gnomon in verses 21–22 of Chapter 3:

Of [the sun’s meridian zenith distance] find the jya (“base sine”) and kojya (cosine or “perpendicular sine”). If then the jya and radius be multiplied respectively by the measure of the gnomon in digits, and divided by the kojya, the results are the shadow and hypotenuse at mid-day.
In modern notation, this gives the shadow of the gnomon at midday as :

Even today many astrologers in India use Surya Siddhanta as base to compute their Panchangs (Almanacs) in many languages.

The diagram below shows a variation of the standard position triangle that first appeared in Sanskrit astronomical texts some time before the Twelfth Century. The most famous of these is the सूर्यसिद्धान्त (Surya Siddhanta).

The Sanskrit word for bow is चाप (ca̅pa). It is also the name given to an arc of a circle. The Sanskrit word for bowstring is ज्या (jya̅). It is also the name given to a chord of a circle. At some point, Indian astronomers found that knowing the size of half a chord was more useful than knowing the size of a whole chord. Half a chord in Sanskrit is ज्या अर्ध (jya̅ ardh). This term became so popular that the modifier अर्ध (ardh) was dropped and the the word ज्या (jya̅) or the similar word जीव (ji̅va) came to mean half a chord all by itself.

Arab scholars transliterated जीव (ji̅va) to جيب (jiba). They basically made up a new word in Arabic. European scholars didn’t know it was a new word, so they read it as an already existing one. This kind of thing is easy to do since vowels are never written in Arabic. The letters جيب might represent jiba (a word they probably didn’t know) or they might represent jaib (a word they probably did know). The Latin scholars went with the latter. The Arabic word جيب (jaib) is the English word bosom is the Latin word sinus. Bowstring becomes bosom becomes sine. You can’t make up a story like that. It must be true.

In the old Sanskrit text, half a chord was called ज्या (jya̅). The line that cut the chord in half was called कोटि ज्या (koṭi-jya̅) on one side and उत्क्रम ज्या (utkrama-jya̅) on the other. You could think of them as the “complimentary chord” and the “contrary chord”. When ज्या (jya̅) became sinus became sine, कोटि ज्या (koṭi-jya) or कोज्या (kojya) became cosinus became cosine. Sine and cosine have the same value for complementary angles. This concept was reused for the other cofunction pairs — tangent has cotangent, secant has cosecant.

The leftover piece on the diagram, उत्क्रम ज्या (utkrama-jya̅), became versus sinus in Latin versed sine or versine in English. The versed part is related to the Latin word versus in the sense of being against something else, but I don’t really get it. There’s a whole extended family of co-, ver-, cover-, ha-, haver-, cohaver, hacover, and ex- functions that aren’t used much anymore. I will not be discussing them.

That leaves us with tangent and secant. The diagram below shows another variation of the standard position triangle with three extra line segments that form a triangle outside the circle — one that starts at the center of the circle and cuts across the arc like an arrow waiting to be fired, a second that leans against the circle touching it only at the point where the radius ends, and a third at right angles to the first that also cuts across the circle.

The line segment touching the circle gives us the tangent and cotangent pieces (one to the right of and one to the left of the point touching the circle). The English word tangent comes from the Latin word tangens — touching. The line segments cutting across the circle give us the secant and cosecant pieces (one cutting the circle horizontally and the other cutting the circle vertically). The English word secant come from the Latin word secans — cutting. The words tangens and secans were given their mathematical meaning by the Danish mathematicianThomas Finckein 1583. Earlier Arab, Hindu, Roman, Greek, and Bablyonian mathematicians probably knew of these concepts, but their words do not seem to have made it into many modern languages (Modern Greek being a major exception).

special triangles

Some special triangles often found in standardized exam problems.

	An isosceles right triangle. The two legs are equal in size. If we assume each leg has a length of one, according to Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse has a length equal to the square root of two. 45°, 45°, 90° 1:1:√2
	Half an equilateral triangle. Assume the sides of the full triangle have a length of two. Split it in half and the side opposite the 30° angle has a length of one. Using Pythagorean theorem, the remaining leg has a length equal to the square root of three. 30°, 60°, 90° 1:√3:2
	The simplest Pythagorean triple. The size of the angles are best determined with a calculator. Standardized tests love this triangle. (Secret reason: It simplifies grading.) Some people memorize these angles to help them spot 3-4-5 triangles on tests. 37°, 53°, 90° 3:4:5

To summarize…

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