Vedic roots of Pre islamic Arabia

Vedic ROOTS of pre-Islamic Arabia and the Kaaba

Kaaba a Hindu Temple!

Was the Kaaba Originally a Hindu Temple?

By P.N. Oak (Historian)

[Note: A recent archeological find in Kuwait unearthed a gold-plated statue of the Hindu deity Ganesh. A

Muslim resident of Kuwait requested historical research material that can help explain the connection

between Hindu civilisation and Arabia.]

Glancing through some research material recently, I was pleasantly surprised to come across a reference

to a

king Vikramaditya

inscription found in the Kaaba in Mecca proving beyond doubt that the Arabian

Peninsula formed a part of his Indian Empire.

The text of the crucial Vikramaditya inscription, found inscribed on a gold dish hung inside the Kaaba

shrine in Mecca, is found recorded on page 315 of a volume known as ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ treasured in the

Makhtab-e-Sultania library in Istanbul, Turkey. Rendered in free English the inscription says:

“Fortunate are those who were born (and lived) during king Vikram’s reign. He was a noble, generous

dutiful ruler, devoted to the welfare of his subjects. But at that time we Arabs, oblivious of God, were lost

in sensual pleasures. Plotting and torture were rampant. The darkness of ignorance had enveloped our

country. Like the lamb struggling for her life in the cruel paws of a wolf we Arabs were caught up in

ignorance. The entire country was enveloped in a darkness so intense as on a new moon night. But the

present dawn and pleasant sunshine of education is the result of the favour of the noble king

Vikramaditya whose benevolent supervision did not lose sight of us- foreigners as we were. He spread his

sacred religion amongst us and sent scholars whose brilliance shone like that of the sun from his country

to ours. These scholars and preceptors through whose benevolence we were once again made cognisant of

the presence of God, introduced to His sacred existence and put on the road of Truth, had come to our

country to preach their religion and impart education at king Vikramaditya’s behest.”

For those who would like to read the Arabic wording I reproduce it hereunder in Roman script:

“Itrashaphai Santu Ibikramatul Phahalameen Karimun Yartapheeha Wayosassaru Bihillahaya Samaini

Ela Motakabberen Sihillaha Yuhee Quid min howa Yapakhara phajjal asari nahone osirom bayjayhalem.

Yundan blabin Kajan blnaya khtoryaha sadunya kanateph netephi bejehalin Atadari bilamasa- rateen

phakef tasabuhu kaunnieja majekaralhada walador. As hmiman burukankad toluho watastaru hihila

Yakajibaymana balay kulk amarena phaneya jaunabilamary Bikramatum”.

(Page 315 Sayar-ul-okul).

[Note: The title ‘Saya-ul-okul’ signifies memorable words.]

A careful analysis of the above inscription enables us to draw the following conclusions:

That the ancient Indian empires may have extended up to the eastern boundaries of Arabia until

Vikramaditya and that it was he who for the first time conquered Arabia. Because the inscription

says that king Vikram who dispelled the darkness of ignorance from Arabia.

That, whatever their earlier faith, King Vikrama’s preachers had succeeded in spreading the Vedic

(based on the Vedas, the Hindu sacred scriptures)) way of life in Arabia.

That the knowledge of Indian arts and sciences was imparted by Indians to the Arabs directly by

founding schools, academies and cultural centres. The belief, therefore, that visiting Arabs

conveyed that knowledge to their own lands through their own indefatigable efforts and

scholarship is unfounded.

An ancillary conclusion could be that the so-called Kutub Minar (in Delhi, India) could well be king

Vikramadiya’s tower commemorating his conquest of Arabia. This conclusion is strengthened by two

pointers. Firstly, the inscription on the iron pillar near the so-called Kutub Minar refers to the marriage of

the victorious king Vikramaditya to the princess of Balhika. This Balhika is none other than the Balkh

region in West Asia. It could be that Arabia was wrestled by king Vikramaditya from the ruler of Balkh

who concluded a treaty by giving his daughter in marriage to the victor. Secondly, the township adjoining

the so called Kutub Minar is named Mehrauli after Mihira who was the renowned astronomer-

mathematician of king Vikram’s court. Mehrauli is the corrupt form of Sanskrit ‘Mihira-Awali’ signifying a

row of houses raised for Mihira and his helpers and assistants working on astronomical observations

made from the tower.

Having seen the far reaching and history shaking implications of the Arabic inscription concerning king

Vikrama, we shall now piece together the story of its find. How it came to be recorded and hung in the

Kaaba in Mecca. What are the other proofs reinforcing the belief that Arabs were once followers of the

Indian Vedic way of life and that tranquillity and education were ushered into Arabia by king

Vikramaditya’s scholars, educationists from an uneasy period of “ignorance and turmoil” mentioned in

the inscription.

In Istanbul, Turkey, there is a famous library called Makhatab-e-Sultania, which is reputed to have the

largest collection of ancient West Asian literature. In the Arabic section of that library is an anthology of

ancient Arabic poetry. That anthology was compiled from an earlier work in A.D. 1742 under the orders of

the Turkish ruler Sultan Salim.

The pages of that volume are of Hareer – a kind of silk used for writing on. Each page has a decorative

gilded border. That anthology is known as Sayar-ul-Okul. It is divided into three parts. The first part

contains biographic details and the poetic compositions of pre-Islamic Arabian poets. The second part

embodies accounts and verses of poets of the period beginning just after prophet Mohammad’s times, up

to the end of the Banee-Um-Mayya dynasty. The third part deals with later poets up to the end of Khalif

Harun-al-Rashid’s times.

Abu Amir Asamai, an Arabian bard who was the poet Laureate of Harun-al-Rashid’s court, has compiled

and edited the anthology.

The first modern edition of ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ was printed and published in Berlin in 1864. A subsequent

edition is the one published in Beirut in 1932.

The collection is regarded as the most important and authoritative anthology of ancient Arabic poetry. It

throws considerable light on the social life, customs, manners and entertainment modes of ancient

Arabia. The book also contains an elaborate description of the ancient shrine of Mecca, the town and the

annual fair known as OKAJ which used to be held every year around the Kaaba temple in Mecca. This

should convince readers that the annual haj of the Muslims to the Kaaba is of earlier pre-Islamic

congregation.

But the OKAJ fair was far from a carnival. It provided a forum for the elite and the learned to discuss the

social, religious, political, literary and other aspects of the Vedic culture then pervading Arabia. ‘Sayar-ul-

Okul’ asserts that the conclusion reached at those discussions were widely respected throughout Arabia.

Mecca, therefore, followed the Varanasi tradition (of India) of providing a venue for important

discussions among the learned while the masses congregated there for spiritual bliss. The principal

shrines at both Varanasi in India and at Mecca in Arvasthan (Arabia) were Siva temples. Even to this day

ancient Mahadev (Siva) emblems can be seen. It is the Shankara (Siva) stone that Muslim pilgrims

reverently touch and kiss in the Kaaba.

Arabic tradition has lost trace of the founding of the Kaaba temple. The discovery of the Vikramaditya

inscription affords a clue. King Vikramaditya is known for his great devotion to Lord Mahadev (Siva). At

Ujjain (India), the capital of Vikramaditya, exists the famous shrine of Mahankal, i.e., of Lord Shankara

(Siva) associated with Vikramaditya. Since according to the Vikramaditya inscription he spread the Vedic

religion, who else but he could have founded the Kaaba temple in Mecca?

A few miles away from Mecca is a big signboard which bars the entry of any non-Muslim into the area.

This is a reminder of the days when the Kaaba was stormed and captured solely for the newly established

faith of Islam. The object in barring entry of non-Muslims was obviously to prevent its recapture.

As the pilgrim proceeds towards Mecca he is asked to shave his head and beard and to don special sacred

attire that consists of two seamless sheets of white cloth. One is to be worn round the waist and the other

over the shoulders. Both these rites are remnants of the old Vedic practice of entering Hindu temples

clean- and with holy seamless white sheets.

The main shrine in Mecca, which houses the Siva emblem, is known as the Kaaba. It is clothed in a black

shroud. That custom also originates from the days when it was thought necessary to discourage its

recapture by camouflaging it.

According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the Kaaba has 360 images. Traditional accounts mention that

one of the deities among the 360 destroyed when the place was stormed, was that of Saturn; another was

of the Moon and yet another was one called Allah. That shows that in the Kaaba the Arabs worshipped the

nine planets in pre-Islamic days. In India the practice of ‘Navagraha’ puja, that is worship of the nine

planets, is still in vogue. Two of these nine are Saturn and Moon.

In India the crescent moon is always painted across the forehead of the Siva symbol. Since that symbol

was associated with the Siva emblem in Kaaba it came to be grafted on the flag of Islam.

Another Hindu tradition associated with the Kaaba is that of the sacred stream Ganga (sacred waters of

the Ganges river). According to the Hindu tradition Ganga is also inseparable from the Shiva emblem as

the crescent moon. Wherever there is a Siva emblem, Ganga must co-exist. True to that association a

sacred fount exists near the Kaaba. Its water is held sacred because it has been traditionally regarded as

Ganga since pre-Islamic times (Zam-Zam water).

[Note: Even today, Muslim pilgrims who go to the Kaaba for Haj regard this Zam-Zam water with

reverence and take some bottled water with them as sacred water.]

Muslim pilgrims visiting the Kaaba temple go around it seven times. In no other mosque does the

circumambulation prevail. Hindus invariably circumambulate around their deities. This is yet another

proof that the Kaaba shrine is a pre-Islamic Indian Shiva temple where the Hindu practice of

circumambulation is still meticulously observed.

The practice of taking seven steps- known as Saptapadi in Sanskrit- is associated with Hindu marriage

ceremony and fire worship. The culminating rite in a Hindu marriage enjoins upon the bride and groom

to go round the sacred fire four times (but misunderstood by many as seven times). Since “Makha” means

fire, the seven circumambulations also prove that Mecca was the seat of Indian fire-worship in the West

Asia.

It might come as a stunning revelation to many that the word ‘ALLAH’ itself is Sanskrit. In Sanskrit

language Allah, Akka and Amba are synonyms. They signify a goddess or mother. The term ‘ALLAH’

forms part of Sanskrit chants invoking goddess Durga, also known as Bhavani, Chandi and

Mahishasurmardini. The Islamic word for God is., therefore, not an innovation but the ancient Sanskrit

appellation retained and continued by Islam. Allah means mother or goddess and mother goddess.

One Koranic verse is an exact translation of a stanza in the Yajurveda. This was pointed out by the great

research scholar Pandit Satavlekar of Pardi in one of his articles.

[Note: Another scholar points out that the following teaching from the Koran is exactly similar to the

teaching of the Kena Upanishad (1.7).

The Koran: “Sight perceives Him not. But He perceives men’s sights; for He is the knower of secrets, the

Aware.”

Kena Upanishad: “That which cannot be seen by the eye but through which the eye itself sees, know That

to be Brahman (God) and not what people worship here (in the manifested world).”

A simplified meaning of both the above verses reads: God is one and that He is beyond man’s sensory

experience.

The identity of Unani and Ayurvedic systems shows that Unani is just the Arabic term for the Ayurvedic

system of healing taught to them and administered in Arabia when Arabia formed part of the Indian

empire.

It will now be easy to comprehend the various Hindu customs still prevailing in West Asian countries even

after the existence of Islam during the last 1300 years. Let us review some Hindu traditions which exist as

the core of Islamic practice.

The Hindus have a pantheon of 33 gods. People in Asia Minor too worshipped 33 gods before the spread

of Islam. The lunar calendar was introduced in West Asia during the Indian rule. The Muslim month

‘Safar’ signifying the ‘extra’ month (Adhik Maas) in the Hindu calendar. The Muslim month Rabi is the

corrupt form of Ravi meaning the sun because Sanskrit ‘V’ changes into Prakrit ‘B’ (Prakrit being the

popular version of Sanskrit language). The Muslim sanctity for Gyrahwi Sharif is nothing but the Hindu

Ekadashi (Gyrah = elevan or Gyaarah). Both are identical in meaning.

The Islamic practice of Bakari Eed derives from the Go-Medh and Ashva-Medh Yagnas or sacrifices of

Vedic times. Eed in Sanskrit means worship. The Islamic word Eed for festive days, signifying days of

worship, is therefore a pure Sanskrit word. The word MESH in the Hindu zodiac signifies a lamb. Since in

ancient times the year used to begin with the entry of the sun in Aries, the occasion was celebrated with

mutton feasting. That is the origin of the Bakari Eed festival.

[Note: The word Bakari is an Indian language word for a goat.]

Since Eed means worship and Griha means ‘house’, the Islamic word Idgah signifies a ‘House of worship’

which is the exact Sanskrit connotation of the term. Similarly the word ‘Namaz’ derives from two Sanskrit

roots ‘Nama’ and ‘Yajna’ (NAMa yAJna) meaning bowing and worshipping.

Vedic descriptions about the moon, the different stellar constellations and the creation of the universe

have been incorporated from the Vedas in Koran part 1 chapter 2, stanza 113, 114, 115, and 158, 189,

chapter 9, stanza 37 and chapter 10, stanzas 4 to 7.

Recital of the Namaz five times a day owes its origin to the Vedic injunction of Panchmahayagna (five

daily worship- Panch-Maha-Yagna) which is part of the daily Vedic ritual prescribed for all individuals.

Muslims are enjoined cleanliness of five parts of the body before commencing prayers. This derives from

the Vedic injuction ‘Shareer Shydhyartham Panchanga Nyasah’.

Four months of the year are regarded as very sacred in Islamic custom. The devout are enjoined to abstain

from plunder and other evil deeds during that period. This originates in the Chaturmasa i.e., the four-

month period of special vows and austerities in Hindu tradition. Shabibarat is the corrupt form of Shiva

Vrat and Shiva Ratra. Since the Kaaba has been an important centre of Shiva (Siva) worship from times

immemorial, the Shivaratri festival used to be celebrated there with great gusto. It is that festival which is

signified by the Islamic word Shabibarat.

Encyclopaedias tell us that there are inscriptions on the side of the Kaaba walls. What they are, no body

has been allowed to study, according to the correspondence I had with an American scholar of Arabic. But

according to hearsay at least some of those inscriptions are in Sanskrit, and some of them are stanzas

from the Bhagavad Gita.

According to extant Islamic records, Indian merchants had settled in Arabia, particularly in Yemen, and

their life and manners deeply influenced those who came in touch with them. At Ubla there was a large

number of Indian settlements. This shows that Indians were in Arabia and Yemen in sufficient strength

and commanding position to be able to influence the local people. This could not be possible unless they

belonged to the ruling class.

It is mentioned in the Abadis i.e., the authentic traditions of Prophet Mohammad compiled by Imam

Bukhari that the Indian tribe of Jats had settled in Arabia before Prophet Mohammad’s times. Once when

Hazrat Ayesha, wife of the Prophet, was taken ill, her nephew sent for a Jat physician for her treatment.

This proves that Indians enjoyed a high and esteemed status in Arabia. Such a status could not be theirs

unless they were the rulers. Bukhari also tells us that an Indian Raja (king) sent a jar of ginger pickles to

the Prophet. This shows that the Indian Jat Raja ruled an adjacent area so as to be in a position to send

such an insignificant present as ginger pickles. The Prophet is said to have so highly relished it as to have

told his colleagues also to partake of it. These references show that even during Prophet Mohammad’s

times Indians retained their influential role in Arabia, which was a dwindling legacy from Vikramaditya’s

times.

The Islamic term ‘Eed-ul-Fitr’ derives from the ‘Eed of Piters’ that is worship of forefathers in Sanskrit

tradition. In India, Hindus commemorate their ancestors during the Pitr-Paksha that is the fortnight

reserved for their remembrance. The very same is the significance of ‘Eed-ul-Fitr’ (worship of forefathers).

The Islamic practice of observing the moon rise before deciding on celebrating the occasion derives from

the Hindu custom of breaking fast on Sankranti and Vinayaki Chaturthi only after sighting the moon.

Barah Vafat, the Muslim festival for commemorating those dead in battle or by weapons, derives from a

similar Sanskrit tradition because in Sanskrit ‘Phiphaut’ is ‘death’. Hindus observe Chayal Chaturdashi in

memory of those who have died in battle.

The word Arabia is itself the abbreviation of a Sanskrit word. The original word is ‘Arabasthan’. Since

Prakrit ‘B’ is Sanskrit ‘V’ the original Sanskrit name of the land is ‘Arvasthan’. ‘Arva’ in Sanskrit means a

horse. Arvasthan signifies a land of horses., and as well all know, Arabia is famous for its horses.

This discovery changes the entire complexion of the history of ancient India. Firstly we may have to revise

our concepts about the king who had the largest empire in history. It could be that the expanse of king

Vikramaditya’s empire was greater than that of all others. Secondly, the idea that the Indian empire

spread only to the east and not in the west beyond say, Afghanisthan may have to be abandoned. Thirdly

the effeminate and pathetic belief that India, unlike any other country in the world could by some age

spread her benign and beatific cultural influence, language, customs, manners and education over distant

lands without militarily conquering them is baseless. India did conquer all those countries physically

wherever traces of its culture and language are still extant and the region extended from Bali island in the

south Pacific to the Baltic in Northern Europe and from Korea to Kaaba. The only difference was that

while Indian rulers identified themselves with the local population and established welfare states,

Moghuls and others who ruled conquered lands perpetuated untold atrocities over the vanquished.

‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ tells us that a pan-Arabic poetic symposium used to be held in Mecca at the annual Okaj

fair in pre-Islamic times. All leading poets used to participate in it.

DEVANAGARI NUMBERS

___________________

We received the following email from one of our readers

Sun, 07 Nov 2004 02:24:39+0300

Kabaa-Kabaali-Lord Shiva*

Dear Sir,

First of all I heartly thank for hosting such a beautiful website. I read the message ” Is the Kabaa a Hindu

temple ???”. It was a very interesting, thought provoking and informative message. I would like to bring to

your notice regarding this, that the word Kabaa might have come from the TAMIL language –

Kabaalishwaran temple (TAMIL is considered as one of the oldest languages of the world). Dravidian’s

worshiped Lord Shiva as their Primal Deity – Indus valley civilization.

Shiva Temple’s in South India are

called as Kabaalishwaran temple’s. Kabaali – refers to Lord Shiva.

-Dr.Davis S.Senthilkumar

Other Cultures and Dieties

The earliest reference we have to a goddess worshipped as a cube-shaped stone is from neolithic Anatolia.

Alternatively, ‘Kubaba’ may mean a hollow vessel or cave – which would still be a supreme image of the

goddess. The ideograms for Kubaba in the Hittite alphabet are a lozenge or cube, a double-headed axe, a

dove, a vase and a door or gate – all images of the goddess in neolithic Europe.

Deities of other cultures known to have been associated with black stones include Aphrodite at Paphos,

Cybele at Pessinus and later Rome, Astarte at Byblos and the famous Artemis/Diana of Ephesus. The

latter’s most ancient sculpture was, it is said, carved from a black meteorite.

The earliest form of Cybele’s name may have been Kubaba or Kumbaba which suggests Humbaba, who

was the guardian of the forest in the Epic of Gilgamesh – the world’s oldest recorded myth from Assyria of

circa 2,500 BCE and, as scholars reveal more of the text as the source of most of the major mythological

themes of later civilizations.

The origin of Kubaba may have been kube or kuba meaning ‘cube’.

The stone associated with Cybele’s worship was, originally, probably at Pessinus but perhaps at

Pergamum or on Mount Ida. What is certain is that in 204 BCE it was taken to Rome, where Cybele

became ‘Mother’ to the Romans. The ecstatic rites of her worship were alien to the Roman temperament,

but nevertheless animated the streets of their city during the annual procession of the goddess’s statue.

Alongside Isis, Cybele retained prominence in the heart of the Empire until the fifth century BCE – when

the stone was then lost. Her cult prospered throughout the Empire and it is said that every town or village

remained true to the worship of Cybele.

The home of Aphrodite was at Paphos on Cyprus. Various Classical writers describe the rituals which went

on her in her honor – in which a tapering black stone, the object of verneration at her temple, was used.

Aditi Chaturvedi

Vedic Past of Pre-Islamic Arabia – Part 1

Many centuries before prophet Muhammad and the destructive advent of Islam, Arabia or

Arabistan

was

an extremely rich and glorious center of Vedic civilization. In this article, I will prove to you point by point

that pre-Islamic Arabia was in fact a flourishing civilization which revered Vedic culture.

It is the prophet Muhammad and the followers of Islam who are fully responsible for the dissemination

and destruction of this once glorious culture.

In learning about this most ancient heritage, let’s begin with the word

Arabistan

itself.

Arabistan

derived from the original Sanskrit term

Arvasthan

which means

The Land of Horses

. Since time

immemorial proponents of the Vedic culture used to breed exceptional horses in this region. Thus

eventually the land itself began to be called

Arva

(Horses) –

Sthan

(place). The people who lived in this

land were called Semitic. Semitic comes from the Sanskrit word

Smritic

. Arabs followed the ancient Vedic

Smritis

such as

Manu-Smriti

as their revered religious guides and thus they were identified as

Smritic

which has been corrupted into Semitic.

At that time the

Uttarapath

(Northern Highway) was the international highway to the North of India. It

was via

Uttarapath

that Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries drew their spiritual, educational and

material sustenance from India. Besides, this Sea-links were formed with India at least 800 years before

the advent of Islam.

Basra

was the ancient gateway to India because it was at this port that the Arab lands

recieved Indian goods and visitors. At that time the spoken language was Sanskrit, which later dwindled

into the local variation that we now call Arabic. The proof of this is that thousands of words that were

derived from Sanskrit still survive in Arabic today. Here is a sampling of some:

Sanskrit

Arabic

English

Sagwan

Saj

Teakwood

Vish

Besh

Poison

Anusari

Ansari

Follower

Shishya

Sheikh

Disciple

Mrityu

Mout

Death

Pra-Ga-ambar

Paigambar

One from heaven

Maleen

Malaun

Dirty or soiled

Aapati

Aafat

Misfortune

Karpas

Kaifas

Cotton

Karpur

Kafur

Camphor

Pramukh

Barmak

Chief

Even various kinds of swords were referred to as

Handuwani

Hindi

Saif-Ul-Hind

Muhannid

and

Hinduani

. The Sanskrit Astronomical treatise

Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta

in Arabic translation is known

Sind-Hind

, while another treatise

Khanda-Khadyaka

was called

Arkand

. Mathematics itself was called

Hindisa

The Arabs derived technical guidance in every branch of study such as astronomy, mathematics and

physics from India. A noted scholar of history, W.H. Siddiqui notes:

“The Arab civilization grew up intensively

as well as extensively on the riches of

Indian trade and commerce. Nomadic Arab

tribes became partially settled communities

and some of them lived within walled towns practised agriculture and commerce,

wroteon wood and stone, feared the gods and honored the kings.”

Some people wrongly believe that Arabs used the word Hindu as a term of contemptuous abuse. Nothing

could be further from the truth. The people of pre-Islamic Arabia held Hinduism in great esteem as

evidenced from the fact that they would endearingly call their most attractive and favourite daughters as

Hinda

and

Saifi Hindi

. The fact that Arabs regarded India as their spiritual and cultural motherland long

before the damaging influence of Islam is corroborated by the following poem which mentions each one of

the four Vedas by name: (The English translation is in black)

“Aya muwarekal araj yushaiya noha

minar HIND-e

Wa aradakallaha

manyonaifail jikaratun”

“Oh the divine land of HIND (India)

(how) very blessed art thou!

Because thou art the chosen

of God blessed with knowledge”

“Wahalatijali Yatun ainana sahabi

akha-atun jikra Wahajayhi yonajjalur

-rasu minal HINDATUN “

“That celestial knowledge which like

four lighthouses shone in such

brilliance – through the (utterances of)

Indian sages in fourfold abundance.”

“Yakuloonallaha ya ahal araf alameen

kullahum

Fattabe-u jikaratul VEDA bukkun

malam yonajjaylatun”

“God enjoins on all humans,

follow with hands down

The path the Vedas with his divine

precept lay down.”

“Wahowa alamus SAMA wal YAJUR

minallahay Tanajeelan

Fa-e-noma ya akhigo mutiabay-an

Yobassheriyona jatun”

“Bursting with (Divine) knowledge

are SAM &YAJUR bestowed on creation,

Hence brothers respect and

follow the Vedas, guides to salvation”

“Wa-isa nain huma RIG ATHAR nasayhin

Ka-a-Khuwatun

Wa asant Ala-udan wabowa masha -e-ratun”

“Two others, the Rig and Athar teach us

fraternity, Sheltering under their

lustre dispels darkness till eternity”

3 comments on “Vedic roots of Pre islamic Arabia”

Sanatan Dharm and Hinduism
May 3, 2015

Reblogged this on SANATAN DHARM.

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sharonstjoan
May 4, 2015

Reblogged this on Voices and Visions and commented:
This is extremely long and will seem rather obscure. It may not all be accurate, but if even some of it is true, that is enough to indicate a strong link, and cultural exchanges, between the pre-Islamic Arabian people and the people of India, which would certainly make sense, geographically and historically — and I found it very intriguing.

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Basant Mishra
May 11, 2015

The truthfulness is yet to be ascertained.

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